Aquatic ecosystems in hot arid environments can support a high level of biodiversity worldwide, particularly birds. This study focused on the evaluation of the ecological importance of the urban wetland Chott El Oued in north-eastern Algerian Sahara as a critical habitat for bird communities. Bi-monthly monitoring was conducted between September 2023 and August 2024 to assess avian community composition, phenological patterns, protection statutes, and populations dynamic of waterbirds. A total of 71 bird species (39 waterbirds and 32 terrestrial birds) were documented in our study area, belonging to 15 orders and 29 families. Four Near Threatened species (IUCN Red List) and 21 protected species under Algerian law were identified. Among the 12460 recorded individuals, waterbirds dominated (77.28%, 9926 individuals), with 11 key species such as the Near Threatened, resident-breeding Marbled Duck. Phenologically, 17 are breeding species, whereas 54 are non-breeding with 38 being passage visitors and 16 winterers. These findings highlight the contribution of Chott El Oued in maintaining the regional biodiversity despite ecological and anthropogenic challenges and consolidating the urgent need for comprehensive conservation strategies to protect its biodiversity. Safeguarding this vital urban wetland is essential not only for sustaining endangered species but also for maintaining regional and global ecological balance.